Redon, Odilon (1840–1916), was a French artist and critic, and one of the pioneers of Symbolism. He was born on April 22, 1840, in Bordeaux, into a family of entrepreneurs. In 1855, he studied under the local romantic artist S. Gorin, and in 1863, he met R. Breton, an engraver and "proto-symbolist," whose work had a profound impact on Redon. In 1864, Redon attended the School of Fine Arts in Paris, where he studied under J.L. Gérôme. He also studied lithography under A. Fantin-Latour. Redon primarily lived in Paris and counted Stéphane Mallarmé among his friends. Following Breton's example, Redon initially focused mainly on graphic art, creating charcoal drawings, and from 1870 onwards, lithographs. His black-and-white prints, which he referred to as "les noirs," were released in small series, including "In Dreams" (1879), "Edgar Allan Poe" (1882), "Origins" (1883), "In Honor of Goya" (1885), "Night" (1886), "To Gustave Flaubert" (1889), "The Apocalypse of St. John" (1889), "Flowers of Evil" (1890), "Dreams" (1891), and "Temptation" (1896).
Redon aimed to create deliberately vague and tremulous visual lyricism with hallucinatory images emerging from the mist of the subconscious. These enigmatic motifs, such as an eye in the form of a balloon (from the Edgar Allan Poe series), were often accompanied by inscriptions in the form of complete literary fragments, as in the case of "An eye, like a strange balloon, is directed towards infinity." His compositions are dominated by an anxious, "proto-surrealist" alienation or detached mystical contemplation, especially in his Christian and Buddhist subjects. Parallel to his graphic work, Redon (particularly from the 1890s onwards) also turned to color, using pastels and oil paints. His paintings range from subdued tones to shimmering brightness and revolve around several central motifs, including the human face transformed into a "mask," flowers, eyes, boats, and biological metamorphosis. Among his notable works in both painting and pastel are "Cyclops" (1898, Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo), "Green Death" (1905–1910, private collection), "Black Vase with Flowers" (c. 1909, Wildenstein Collection), and "Woman among Flowers" (1909–1910, private collection; all three works are located in New York).
Redon frequently contributed to newspapers and magazines as a critic, reproaching both the late romantics and the impressionists for merely depicting "what happens outside ourselves." However, he believed that internal fantasies, akin to music and poetry, can be convincing only when they adhere to the "laws of life." The principles of his "real-irreal" aesthetics are most fully expressed in his diary entries, which date back to 1867. Redon passed away in Paris on July 6, 1916. His diary, titled "To Myself," was published posthumously in 1922.
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